Topics

---

A - Sources of Subsurface Contamination

• A.1 Municipal Solid Waste;Hazardous Solid Waste
• A.2 Industrial Liquid Effluents; Leaking Waste Water Reservoirs, Underground Storage Tanks, Pipelines and Waste-Water Drains
• A.3 Industrial Sludge Ponds; ETP/STP Sludge Ponds
• A.4 Mining Waste Disposal
• A.5 Thermal Power Plant/Waste-to-Energy Ash Disposal
• A.6 Agricultural Waste and Activities
• A.7 Others

B - Type of Contaminants

• B.1 Heavy Metals (Cadmium, Lead, Mercury, Arsenic, Chromium,Nickel, Copper etc.)
• B.2 Inorganic Contaminants (Dissolved Salts,Nitrates, Sulphates, Chlorides, Cyanide, Flourides etc.)
• B.3 Organic Contaminants (VOCs, Phenols,Pesticides,PCBs,Aromatic Hydrocarbons,PAH Compounds,Asbestos,Dioxins, Oil etc.)
• B.4 Others

C - Subsurface Investigations

• C.1 Field Studies: GeophysicalMethods
• C.2 Field Studies:Soil Drilling & Undisturbed Sampling; Environmental Drilling and Environmental Soil Sampling at Specific Depths; Ground Water Sampling in Wells/Boreholes; Multi-Level Ground Water/Pore Fluid Sampling at Specific Depths; Pore Gas/VOC Sampling; In-situ Testing;Special Techniques and Other Methods
• C.3 Laboratory Studies (Contaminants in Waste, Soil, Ground Water and Pore Fluid;Pore Gas/VOC Constituents;Special Instrumentation and Techniques)
• C.4 Analytical Studies/Numerical Modelling: Contaminant Transport; Environmental Impact; Risk Assessment etc.
• C.5 Subsurface Monitoring (Piezometers, Boreholes, Sensors etc.)

D - Remediation

• D.1 Remediation Strategies and Design
• D.2 Remedial Action (Excavate/Extract & Treat; In-situ Treatment/Transformation /Immobilization; Containment/Encapsulation)
• D.3 Remediation Monitoring & Closure